Noncitizen voting is real — But not where conspiracy theories claim

While many Americans may be surprised to learn it, noncitizens are legally allowed to vote in certain elections in the United States—a practice that dates back to the nation’s founding. However, it remains illegal for noncitizens to vote in federal elections, a restriction made clear under federal law.

Historically, most U.S. states permitted noncitizen voting in local and state elections, especially during the expansion of U.S. territories. The practice was often used as an incentive to attract settlers and laborers to newly developing areas. Though far less common today, the legality of noncitizen voting in local elections remains in place in a handful of jurisdictions.

Currently, a few municipalities in California, Vermont, and Washington, D.C., allow noncitizens to vote in local races such as school board or city council elections. In 2022, New York City passed a law that would have permitted noncitizen voting in municipal elections, but it was later blocked by court rulings and has not been implemented.

Despite this limited and lawful practice, false claims have circulated online alleging widespread illegal voting by noncitizens, particularly in federal elections. These claims, such as recent viral allegations involving New York, have not been substantiated by evidence.

Under the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, voting in federal elections as a noncitizen is prohibited. In addition, most states verify voter eligibility by cross-checking databases with federal agencies, including the Social Security Administration.

As misinformation spreads online, experts urge the public to seek out reliable, nonpartisan resources. One such resource is Ballotpedia, which provides detailed, fact-checked information on voting laws and election procedures nationwide.